18) antonyms Opposite meaning. Contrary antonyms- gradable. Long-short Complementary- ungradable. Dead-alive Converse antonyms- relational by/sell, lend/ borrow 19) hypernyms and hyponyms Hyponym- a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or mre specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym. 20) Meronym Semantic realtion used in linguistic. Meronymy means a part of a whole. Tree/forest, finger/hand 21) syntagmatic relation Complete lingustic unit- relation between complex object and their parts, or between the prts of these objects and other parts. First of all- immediant dominance: X'', X'. Second linear precedence: subject < verb. Third: sentence functions: subject, object, indirect object.... . fourth government relations: head, odifies, complement. Fifth: binding relations i saw John, when he came in. 22) collocations
linguistics works of the 20th century, not primarily for the content (many of the ideas had been anticipated in the works of other 20th century linguists), but rather for the innovative approach that Saussure applied in discussing linguistic phenomena. Saussure is one of the founding fathers of semiotics, which he called semiology. His concept of the sign/signifier/signified/referent forms the core of the field. Equally crucial, although often overlooked or misapplied, is the dimension of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of linguistic description. Saussure's 'theory of the sign' defined a sign as being made up of the matched pair of signifier and signified. Signifier The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created. Signified The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier
annaabi.ee 
