Freemasonry Ann Tuulikki Jürgenstein 11e HTG History HONESTY, JUSTICE, FELLOWSHIP · Established in the late 16th to early 17th century 24.June 1717 The first Grand Lodge Grand Lodge of England · Stonemasons Today · 5-6 million members United states, Scotland, Ireland United Grand Lodge of England Symbols · Masons lead their meetings using a ritualised format · Teach moral and lessons of the principles · Use signs handshakes, special words, clothes Becoming a member · 21 years old man. Have the support of three members. Interview Voting procedure · Membership is generally lifelong · Degrees: 1.Entered Apprentice 2
the ground Long poles were used as levers to lift the stone onto a sledge Ropes of hide were used to drag the stones Question How many people do you think it took to move a sarsen? How long do you think it took to move all of the sarsens? Answer 1000 men to haul one 45 ton sarsen 10 years to move all of the sarsens How were they shaped? Stone axes Stone and wood wedges, flames and cold water to crack the stone Estimated that 50 stonemasons working 10 hour days, 7 days a week would have pounded away 2 inches on all of the stones in 2 years and 9 months Persistence and determination! How were they put in place? A simplistic view Stones were sunk 3 to 5 feet into the ground. One side of the hole was a wooden ramp. Wooden stakes were used to reinforce the other sides of the hole. 140 200 workers would pull the stone upright perhaps using a pulley.
After the battle, Charles XII decided to concentrate his forces against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which gave Peter time to reorganize the Russian army. While the Poles fought the Swedes, Peter founded the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, in Ingermanland (a province of the Swedish Empire that he had captured). It was named after his patron saint Saint Peter. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg, which he intended to become Russia's capital, so that all stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city. Between 1713 and 1728 and in 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea, by Alexandre Benois, 1916 Following several defeats, Polish King Augustus II the Strong abdicated in 1706. Swedish king Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into
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