system performs but not to the extent it is over designed Fittings Class Fittings do not meet Flanges & Stub Ends all pipe classes Gaskets Injection moulded Expansion Bellows fittings Saddles Manufactured fittings Tees Bends Manifolds Specials Beam Theory Pipe Stress Beam Theory Pipe Stress Beam Theory Pipe Stress Piping Layout Piping connecting Supports equipment Use existing steelwork Flexibility Saddles-Local Stresses Number and type Springs Fittings Hangars Loads on Nozzles Concentrated weights Horizontal or Vertical Maintenance Straight lengths Pipework Flow metering Equipment Pump suctions Erection -Elevated pipe racks Access Thermal- Expansion/Contraction Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
14 wrapped around each tube, which was marked and then manually cut – can now be executed without human intervention on the shop floor. Software performing the task of descriptive geometry translates three-dimensional numerically-defined models into two- dimensional fabrication data that accurately cuts components, pre-drills holes for fixings and service penetrations. While producing more sophisticated steelwork, the skilled labor content is being reduced overall and focused increasingly upon the final assembly of CNC milled components (LeCuyer, 2003). The 3D steel detailing model is becoming a deliverable to fabricators and erectors. Not only is it easier for the detailer to visualize the complex geometry and connections of today’s projects via a 3D model, it is also beneficial for shop production, project managers, and field superintendents. With BIM, 2D drawings are just one portion of the
annaabi.ee 
