oxynitrate, and metal NO complexes. In nitrosylated, further supporting the sugges- living tissue, NO is involved in arteriole dila- tion that formation of nitrosothiols may be tion that increases blood flow to muscles, an important regulatory step (Hess et al. resulting in increased delivery of nutrients 2001; Hess et al. 2005). μ-Calpain is also and oxygen to the muscle (Kobzik et al. a cysteine protease that could be influenced 1994; Stamler et al. 2001). NO species are by S-nitrosylation. Small thiol peptides also implicated in glucose homeostasis and like glutathione can be impacted by nitro- excitation-contraction coupling. The gas NO sative stress to form compounds like is produced in biological systems by a family S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). These com- of enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases pounds can, in turn, influence other proteins 20 Chapter 1
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