Location: At the entrance of the harbor of the Mediterranean island of Rhodes in Greece Throughout most of its history, ancient Greece was comprised of city-states which had limited power beyond their boundary. On the small island of Rhodes were three of these: Ialysos, Kamiros, and Lindos. In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes. The city thrived commercially and had strong economic ties with their main ally, Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. In 305 BC, the Antigonids of Macedonia who were also rivals of the Ptolemies, besieged Rhodes in an attempt to break the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance. They could never penetrate the city. When a peace agreement was reached in 304 BC, the Antagonids lifted the siege, leaving a wealth of military equipment behind. The Rhodians decided to express their pride by building a triumphal statue of their favourite god, Helios
hiljem mustaga, kasutati heledat minki, huuled ja põsed värviti punaseks, samuti küüned KLEOPATRA VII THEA PHILOPATOR Kleopatra VII oli hellenistliku Egiptuse viimane valitseja aastatel 5130 eKr. Ta on ilmselt Ptolemaioste dünastia tuntuim liige Sündis: 69 eKr, Aleksandria, Egiptus Suri: 12. august 30 eKr, Aleksandria, Egiptus Abikaasad: Marcus Antonius (abiell. 32 eKr30 eKr), Ptolemaios XIII, Ptolemaios XIV Lapsed: Caesarion, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, Ptolemy Philadelphus TEMPLID Uue riigi aegsed suurimad ehitised Asusid haudehitiste vahetus läheduses Tõid kaasa uue seisuse - preetsrid Tempel oli kuningavõime ülistavaks sümboliks Ehitati jumalate ja jumalannade kummardamiseks Vanad egiptlased uskusid, et jumalate hinged elavad templites. Iga templi südames asus jumalakuju. Seda võisid vaatamas käia vaid vaarao ja ülempreester Kunstnikud maalisid majade ja hauakambrite seintele ning templite sammastele
French philosopher René Descartes(15961650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton(16421727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. And by authority I am not referring specifically to that of the Church the demise of its authority was already well under way even before the Lutheran Reformation had begun. The authority I am speaking of is intellectual in nature and consisted of the triad of Aristotle(384322) and Ptolemy (c.90168). The revolutionaries of the new science had to escape their intellectual heritage [ pärandus ]. With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history. The long term effects of both the Scientific Revolution and the modern acceptance and dependence upon science can be felt today in our daily lives. And not with standing some
Roman geographer, recorded in his De Chorographia, written circa AD 43, that there were thirty Orkney islands and seven Haemodae (possibly Shetland). There is certainly evidence of an Orcadian connection with Rome prior to 60 AD from pottery found at the broch of Gurness. By the time of Pliny the Elder, who died in AD 79, Roman knowledge of the geography of Scotland had extended to the Hebudes (The Hebrides), Dumna (probably the Outer Hebrides), the Caledonian Forest and the Caledonii. Ptolemy, possibly drawing on earlier sources of information as well as more contemporary accounts from the Agricolan invasion, identified 18 tribes in Scotland in his Geography, but many of the names are obscure and the geography becomes less reliable in the north and west, suggesting early Roman knowledge of these area was confined to observations from the sea. Geography of Scotland ! The geography of Scotland is highly varied, from rural lowlands to barren uplands, and from large cities to
foreign word (nt, picturesque, magazine, cigarette). Grammatical forms may be strange to English. We mean irregular plural forms of nouns (nt, datum data, bacterium- bacteria) 18. Assimilation. Types of assim. Degree of assim. We mean the changes that borrowings undergo(läbi elama) in English and how they adapt themselves its peculiarities. Types(?):phonetics that is changes in pronounciation. What was strange to English were replaced by other sounds (nt, phneumonia, psycology, ptolemy). Grammatical assimilation Usually borrowings lost their former grammatical features, yet some have kept their original plural inflexion (nt, thesis). All borrowings with complex structure appeared in English as simple words (nt, umbrella, portpholio). Lexical assimilation(what happens to meaning)- words with many meanings are usually borrowed just in one meaning(spanish word cargo good carried in a ship). Some meanings become more general(nt, umbrella)
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