GLUT-4 has been studied most intensely for the last 15 years or so, as it became clear around 1995 that exercise and insulin appear to activate (translocate) GLUT-4 through di erent but overlapping signaling pathways. This was exciting to me, as it meant it might be possible to use exercise to beat meal-induced insulin release to the punch--to preemptively ip the switch on the biological train tracks so that food (glucose) is preferentially siphoned to muscle tissue. But how much contraction is enough? It turns out, at least with animals, that much less is needed than was once thought. In one fascinating Japanese study with rats, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIT) (20-second sprints × 14 sets, with 10 seconds of rest between sets) was compared to low-intensity prolonged exercise (LIT) (six hours of extended exercise) over eight days. The surprising result? Bolding is mine:
(<5 mm Hg). H2O is ionically (reversibly) bound to Fe++ Oxymyoglobin :O2 High O2 tension (70–80 mm Hg). Fe++ Bright red/bright pink O2 is covalently bound to Fe++ Metmyoglobin — Low O2 tension (∼10 mm Hg). An Fe+++ Brown/grey electron is lost from Fe++ Carboxymyoglobin CO: CO is preferentially bound to Fe++ Fe++ Bright red (compared to O2). Stable during storage and heating 38 Chapter 2 to suffer from color defects (Halothane+, P. H. Robinson. 2006. Effects of two beta-adrenergic agonists on finishing performance, carcass character- Pietrain, and RN-Hampshire)
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