They are one of the types of abbrevation. 13) Meaning change A word typically has not one meaning but several. Fading- an old sense of a word fades away- dies Radiation- a new sense of words are created. Extention of meaning- widened meanings. Generalization Specialization of menaing- means narrowing the meaning. Denotative shift is movement in sideways, a combination of extention and specialization. Nt gossip--godfather and idle talk. Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration Amelioration- improvement of meaning. 14) Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphoe- based upone a perception of similarity. Mouse- computer mouse and quiet as a mouse. Dead metaphore- flowerbed Conduit metaphor-ideas and meanings are objects. Conceptual metaphore- the essence is understaning and experience one kind of thing in terms of the other. Orientational metaphor- happy is up, sad is down.
e.g. gossip-- godfather and idle talk. Metaphor and metonymy Metaphor- based upon a perception of similarity. Mouse- computer mouse and quiet as a mouse. Metonymy- is a word that is not called by its own name but by the name it is associated with Hollywood. Meaning restriction and extension. Specialization of meaning- means narrowing the meaning, extended - widened meanings. Generalization. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration. Amelioration- improvement of meaning. Monosemy Word only has one meaning. Polysemy the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonyms words with the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning. Skate, mouth Homophones words that are pronounced the same. Rose, to-two-too Homographs words that are spelled the same. Lead, close, wind.
) The American financial world or money market. 34. Meaning restriction and extension Euphemism: the useo f terms of innocent meaning to denote what is unpleasant or indelicate: Toilet = cloakroom (UK polite word for toilet, especially in a public building); senior citizen – old person polite way; merry - drunk, to go – to die, perspiration – sweat, plump – fat. 35. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning, deterioration) <> Amelioration (improvement of meaning) Pejoration: • - in moral terms • - unpleasant social implication • - unpleasant aesthetic implication • - psychological causes Examples: propaganda, grotesque, peasant Amelioration: nice (used to mean stupid) Weaking of meaning Terribly: in a terrible manner, so as to cause terror or dread OR very painfully OR in an exceedingly incompetent manner or very poorly
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