8 - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61968CJ0024 argued by way of defense that the Belgian rule constituted a measure that has an equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction of trade. 11. What are three main categories of discriminatory barriers to trade? Give examples from the case law Free trade refers to the elimination of barriers to international trade. The most common barriers to trade are tariffs, quotas, and nontariff barriers. A tariff is a tax on imports, which is collected by the federal government and which raises the price of the good to the consumer. Also known as duties or import duties, tariffs usually aim first to limit imports and second to raise revenue. A quota is a limit on the amount of a certain type of good that maybe imported into the country. A quota can be either voluntary or legally enforced.
Market size, in turn, is an important factor facilitating innovation, the fixed costs of which can be spread across a larger customer base. At the same time, consumers will also benefit from greater competition in product markets. 3. Exporting within a regional area may serve as a first step towards the expansion of exports worldwide by initially building export capacity taking advantage of low tariff and nontariff barriers within a union, and then leveraging this capability to achieve competitive advantage in exporting to other countries. 4. Countries within a regional integration area can build cross-border production chains by leveraging each other's comparative advantages and subsequently exporting the finished product outside that area 5. Deeper regional economic integration can help member countries to strengthen their economic and political institutions. 6
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