(tugev versioon). On keeli, kus ajaga markeeritakse vaid esimene verb, kõik järgnevad on markeerimata. Tempus on pragmaatiline nähtus, millega saab teha nii üht kui teist, nt lähen mina eile üle Raekoja platsi, kui.../mis teie nimi oli? Kahelised süsteemid keeles: * minevik/olevik+tulevik VS * minevik+olevik/tulevik Pole olemas keelt, kus on minevik+tulevik/olevik. Past/nonpast nt eesti ja indo-euroopa keeled Future/nonfuture paljud ameerika indiaanlaste keeled 28. Aspekt verbikategooria Aspekti eristatakse põhiliselt perfektiivse ja imperfektiivse abil. Perfektiivsus on seotud sündmuse (ajalise) piiritlusega. Paljudes keeltes esineb ainult minevikus. Aspekt on tegevuse enda olemus (kas tegevus sai tulemuse? kas tegevus lõpetati?) * teeline aspekt piiritletud VS * ateeline aspekt piiritlemata
The number of tenses: The threefold opposition is reduced to two, since morphologically English has no future form of the verb in addition to present and past forms. Some grammarians have argued for a third, `future tense', maintaining that English realizes this tense by the use of an auxiliary verb constructions (such as will + infinitive): but we prefer to follow those grammarians who have treated tense strictly as a category realized by verb inflection. The present tense as `nonpast': I want a cake. I wanted a cake. Today is Tuesday. Tomorrow is Wednesday. What are you doing today/tomorrow? *I can help you yesterday. I can help you today/tomorrow. Meanings of the simple present tense with reference to present time: (a) State present (b) Habitual present (c) Instantaneous present - commentaries - demonstrations and other self-commentaries - special exclamatory sentences - performatives
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