points. Taylorism: rational model. Goal - productivity maximization. Monotonous, management by control, no personal initiatives. Human relations approach: goal employee satisfaction, participation, conflict solving, manager is MOTIVATOR, work still monotonous. Revisionism: integration between social system and technological system, appreciation and interesting work are important motivators. McGregor X/Y theory X: people are lazy, will avoid responsibility, avoid work, they desire only money. Y: people need independency, responsibility, naturally want to work. Sociotechnique: optimal mix of economic and social goals (task extension, enrichment, circulation). Open system: not just technical and social system but also open system (influence by outside); adaptation to outer world, horizontal integration, segmentation (market is
glory of a winning team. Even though there is no gender bias, a cultural bias lies in the experiment. The social identity theory however only describes, but does not predict human behavior. It does not explain why personal identity is sometimes stronger than group identity. In addition, using the theory in isolation is reductionist it fails to address the environment that interacts with the self. Cultural expectations, rewards as motivators and social constraints such as poverty may play a greater role in behavior that one's sense of in-group identity. Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior. Moscovici has defined social representations as the shared beliefs and explanations held by the society in which we live or the group in which we belong. Social representations provide a code for social exchange and a code for naming and classifying the various aspects of the community's world and history.
comparison theory. In plain English, it means that, in a group, some people will do worse than you ("Sarah lost only one pound--good for me!") and others will do better ("Mike's nothing special. If he can do it, so can I."). Seeing inferior performers makes you proud of even minor progress, and superior performers in your peer group make greater results seem achievable. Looking at DailyBurn's data set, those who have three or more "motivators" in their peer group lose an average of 5.8 pounds more than those with fewer. Embrace peer pressure. It's not just for kids. 4. MAKE IT SMALL AND TEMPORARY That brings us to your most important next steps, detailed below. Questions and Actions Before you move on to another chapter, take (or in the case of #2, start) at least two of the following four actions. Your choice: 1. Do I really look like that in underwear? Take digital photos of yourself from the front, back, and side
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