maarahu sanktsioonisüsteem, mida viisid ellu kuningad ja maarahukohus. Maarahu erines jumalarahust oma vägivaldsuse poolest. Maarahu rikkumisel rakendati sanktsioonisüsteem, mis nägi ette, et nt kui keegi varastas 5 killingut või suurema summa raha, pidi ta silmad või käe kaotama. Territoraalriikide teke: Territooriumi, kindlalt piiritletud maa-ala avastamine riikluse alusena toimus ootamatult 12. sajandi II poolel. Klassikaline näide on Austria Privilegium minus aastast 1156. Marchia Austriae´st sai Ducatum Austriae, Idamargist sai Austria hertsogiriik, Terra Austriae, tänase Austria põhiosa Viini ja Salzburgi vahel. Keiser Friedrich Barbarossa I pidi võimule tulles lahendama vana tüli Püha Rooma Riigi kaguosas. Tuli lõpetada riid Staufide ja ja Welfide koja vahel. 1156. aastal näis, et vaevalistes poliitilistes läbirääkimistes saavutatud kompromiss lahendab asja alatiseks. Babenbergid, kelle võimuala hõlmas seni nii Baierit kui idamarki, pidid Baieri ära
established because Edward needed the support of the whole country against his opponents: Wales, France, and Scotland. His sole aim was to raise money for military purposes, and the parliament did not pass any legislation. It is thougt to be the model for all parliaments since it was supposed to be truly representative of the people. *The Welsh March Wales was divided between regions still under native rule and the lordships controlled by the castles of the Normans - between Pura Wallia and Marchia Wallie. The Norman lords of the March, while subjects of the English king, were not subject to the law of England. Their lands were like independent kingdoms whose rulers could hold courts, build castles and wage war. As the March existed over 450 years, it became a major and lasting element in the history of Wales. *Edward I's conquest of North Wales He was the King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost succeeding in doing the same
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