usually referred to as too-dai literally `east-big' but more idiomatically translated as something like `TU'). German abbreviations/acronyms are often based not on the first letter of the component words, but on the letters for the onset and nucleus of the first syllable of the component words, e.g. Gestapo from GEheimSTAatsPOlizei `secret state police'. The other obvious way in which languages get new words is from other languages. These take two principal forms: A loanword is a word in one language taken from another language (e.g. English chair, table, restaurant, gateau from French; note that the first two feel less foreign than the second two, primarily because they were borrowed much earlier and have adapted in various ways to the phonological patterns of English). A calque is a word in one language that is based on a corresponding word in another language, formed by translating the subparts of the original word into the borrowing language. The classic
More logical that /je/ turns into /i/ than that /ge/ turns into /i/. Modern English still had the obsolete form "yclept" so-called. C stood for /k/, except when there was a dot on it then it stood for /kj/ which later turned into /tS/ in the Southern part of Britain, but not in the Northern part. Cf irie church, but in Scottish English (i.e. Northern English) Auld Kirk, Free Kirk (German Kirche, Est. kirik Low German loanword). Cg probably /kjkj/ which later turned into /dz/. /r/ - trilled, rolled, again preserved in Scottish English. /r/ was still rolled in Shakespeare's time ("When that warlike Harry ...") In Old English poetry the number ofsyllables per line was not important What counted was thenumber of stresses. Four stresses per line, the stresses evenly spaced A pause (in Latin called caesura) in the middle of the line. Two stresses before the pause, two stresses after the pause
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