. Slavic, Kievan Rus' , 988, Slavic . Kievan Rus' , Mongol 1230s. , , Kievan Rus'. 13th , . XVIII , , eastward . Russia' s . XIX halfhearted. serfdom 1861, . serfdom 1914, Stolypin, 1906 , [3] tsars relinquish , . 1917 , weariness , , , Bolsheviks 25- . 1922 1991, , coterminous brest-Litovsk. , , , 1920s " stagnation" 1980s. , , Bolsheviks , 1918 , 80-, / , , . , 1991. , . , - . Scrapping , , . tsarist 2 8.000 km (5.000 mi) . : 60 km (40-mi ) Gdask ; Kuril, Hokkaid, . 6.600 km (4.100 mi) . : , ; , Diomede (Ostrov Ratmanova). spans 11 .
However, when it met in 1918, Lenin used the Red Guards to close the Assembly, and killed anybody who objected. The Social Revolutionaries fought back by attacking the Bolshevik government. The Bolsheviks were also opposed by the Mensheviks, who had controlled the Provisional Government, and who they had toppled from control of the Soviets in September, and by the Tsarists, who wanted to rescue Nicholas II and put him back on the throne. Lenin made peace with Germany ,the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia had lost much of Russia's best agricultural and industrial land to Germany, including Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the former army officers were angry about this. Also, the Bolshevik government had taken land from the Tsar and the nobles and given it to the peasants, and the civil war was supported by those landlords who had lost their land. All these enemies of the Bolsheviks co-operated to try to bring down the Bolshevik government.
crusading order, gained control of southern Estonia in 1237 and later conquered all of Estonia. The Teutonic Knights withdrew from Estonia in 1560. Sweden and Poland then fought for control of Estonia; in 1629, Sweden won and annexed the region. Peter I of Russia conquered Estonia in 1710, and in 1721 Sweden formally recognized Russian possession of the region. Russia remained in control of Estonia until shortly after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. At the treaty of Brest-Litovsk the following year, which brought an end to Russian involvement in World War I, Estonia was ceded. The new Soviet government at first refused to recognize Estonian independence but gave way in February 1920. The new state along with its Baltic neighbors, Lithuania and Latvia enjoyed just two decades of independent statehood before the Soviet Union took control under the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. Soviet ownership lasted barely 12 months before Estonia
Sõjajärgse riigipiiri muudatustega Jalta konverentsi alusel, liideti Poolaga läänesuunalt Ida-Sileesia Wroclawiga ja Ida-Pommeri Gdańskiga ja Ida- Preisimaa lõunapoolne osa, poolapäraselt Masuuria. Ida-Preisimaa liideti NSV Liiduga Königsbergi oblastina. NSV Liidu ja lääneliitlaste poolt sõlmitud Jalta konverentsi otsuste tulemusega kinnitati ka NSV Liidu poolt 1939. aastal vallutatud Lääne-Ukraina (Lviv) ja Lääne-Valgevene (Brest-Litovsk) alade liitmine NSV Liiduga. UNGARI ÜLESTÕUS 1956.a. sügisel algasid kommunistliku režiimi vastased rahvarahutused. Rahutuste tulemusel sai oktoobrikuu lõpus peaministriks populaarne poliitik I.Nagy, kes oli sama ametit pidanud 1953-55, siis aga kommunistide poolt lahti lastud. Nagy valitsus teatas ,et Ungari lahkub Varssavi Lepingu Organisatsioonist, ÜRO poole pöörduti palvega tunnustada Ungarit neutraalse riigina
conflict. The same day the Rescue Committee appointed Konstantin Päts as head of the new Estonian Provisional Government. Next day, Tallinn was invaded by German troops. Urged on by the Baltic German upper classes, the occupying forces attempted to turn the conquered Latvian and Estonian areas into a Baltic Dutchy in personal union with Germany. The attempts failed. In May 1918, Great Britain, France and Italy recognised the independence of Estonia de facto. On the basis of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty's supplementary Berlin Treaty of 27 August 1918, Soviet Russia renounced its state sovereignty over Estonia. With the collapse of the German occupying regime, the Estonian Provisional Government started work on 19 November 1918. On the pretext of supporting the local bolsheviks, the Soviet Russian army, having tried to establish communist power within the tsarist empire, marched into Estonia on 28 November. The Estonian War of Independence broke out. On 29
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