types of nonresponse in surveys: unit nonresponse and item nonresponse. Unit nonresponse is the failure to obtain any information from an eligible sample unit. Unit nonresponse can be the result of noncontact or refusal. Lynn (Chapter 3) provides an extensive overview on nonresponse and nonresponse error; for a discussion of nonresponse error in cross-cultural studies, see Couper and 13 de Leeuw (2003); for statistical adjustment and weighting see Biemer and Christ (Chapter 16). Item-nonresponse or item missing data refers to the failure to obtain information for one or more questions in a survey, given that the other questions are completed. For an introduction see de Leeuw, Hox, and Huisman (2003), for statistical approaches to deal with missing data see Chapter 18 by Rässler, Rubin, and Schenker.
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