Ühendamiseks kasutati spetsiaalset liideskaarti. Nagu mainitud, sarnanesid sellelaadsed printerid elektrilisele kirjutusmasinale ning graafika väljastamist ei võimaldanud. 2. PRINTERI EELKÄIJA - KIRJUTUSMASIN Pidevalt kasvav nõudlus trükimaterjali järgi, stimuleeris otinguid leidamks võimalust trükkida kiiremini ja suuremates kogustes. 1803. aastal Saksamaal leiutas Friedrich Koenig pressi, kus platet ülesalla liigutades, poogna liikumist ning tindiga katmist kontrollisid mitmed mehhaanilised mehhanismid. 1811. aastal Koenig ja tema abiline Andreas Bauer disainisid erilise silindri, mis hoidis endal paberilehte ning surus seda vastu edasitagasi liikuvat tasapinnalist trükiplaati. 7 aastat hiljem valmistasid samad mehed juba topeltpressi, kus leht peale ühe silindri alt väljumist teise alla juhiti
of which contain a reference to the single original complex object. Any operations performed on the proxies are forwarded to the original object. Once all instances of the proxy are out of scope, the complex object's memory may be de allocated. 6. Antipatterns In software engineering, an anti-pattern (or antipattern) is a design pattern that appears obvious but is ineffective or far from optimal in practice.[1][2] The term was coined in 1995 by Andrew Koenig,[3] inspired by Gang of Four's book Design Patterns, which developed the concept of design patterns in the software field. The term was widely popularized three years later by the book AntiPatterns, which extended the use of the term beyond the field of software design and into general social interaction. According to the authors of the latter, there must be at least two key elements present to formally distinguish an actual anti- pattern from a simple bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea:
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