men have told me" or "Death-sick his den in the dark moor sought" etc. Here one can also see that the initial sound of the third beat in each line echoes the initial sound of the first or second beats, or both of them. To add to the emotional colouring of the text, a lot of metaphors and epithets have been used. Some more outstanding epithets include "And baleful he burst in his blatant rage", "Hardy heroes", "Fiendish claw", "Hideous fiend", "Outlaw dire" One can find several kennings, typical Anglo-Saxon compound metaphors, such as "From captive of hell", "Shepherd-of-evils", "Hardy-in-fight", "The bone-frame", "Keen-souled" etc. In addition to kennings there are also many ordinary metaphors like "The accursed" and "The outlaw", these two referring to Grendel. For the sake of emphasis, parallelism has been brought to play. The repetition of the same idea is a constantly used stylistic device. For example "No keenest blade,
Anglo-Saxon verse No rhyme nor regular number of syllables in a line, rhythm is important. The stressed syllables in a line usually begin with the same consonant alliteration. A line is divided into two half-lines by a pause a caesura, it is a natural place for a stop. Parallelism the repetition of the same idea in a different form. Many nouns and names substituted with metaphors and kennings. sea: salt-streams, sail-road, wave-deeps warriors: the famous-for-prowess, heroes-in-battle, the cased-in- helmets king: ring-prince, folk-leader, folk-chief Anglo-Saxon verse Composed by bards (scops) Relied on a stock of ready-made formulaic expressions Produced an unhesitating flow of well-formed alliterative verses. D´a com of more / under misthleod´um Grendel gongan / Godes yrre bär
repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7. On the other hand there are many metaphors, typically A-S metaphors kennings (a special type of metaphor comprised of two words, i.e swan-road the sea; the bone- house the body; sword-game war; Beowulf bee + wolf = bear) 8. Parallelism the repetition of the same ideas, sometimes in slightly different form. A-S prose: · Venerable Bede lived in the 7th century, a well-educated man, a theologician who knew all the religious texts. Wrote only in Latin. Most well-known work Ecclesiastical history (religious history)
tähendab otseselt muret. Ruuni hääldatakse nagu kaasaegses inglise keeles . ISA See tähendab jääd ja on nagu tervitus loomu poolest purustav jõud. Anglosaksid räägivad jääst, mis on väga külm ja libisev nagu põrand, mis on tehtud klaasist, aga mis on sellegipoolest pilgule kena. Norras on see lai sild ja lisab, et pimedat meest peab juhtima. See võib olla nii krüptiline hoiatus kui otse võetav praktiline nõu. Islandi poeemis on see ladina jää või jääliustik ja varustav kennings fraasidega "jõgede paukumine", "hukule määratute surm" ja "lainehari",hoolimata sellest, et soolane vesi jäätub magedast halvemini. Mõnedes tõlgitsustes kosib Odin Rindi ja jää on see jõud, mida ta kasutab, et tulevast võita. Sel juhul on selle ruuni hea mõju ruunide võlujõu suurendamine. Ruuni hääldatakse nagu kaasaegses inglise keeles . JERA Selle ruuni tähenduseks on pakutud aasta, oda, viljasaak ja hea saagiaasta. Nii Norra kui Islandi
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