secret. I believe that graffiti is one of the most honest arts. It does not have either elitism or swindle, paintings are exhibited on the best walls of the city, and the price of entry does not scare anyone. The wall has always been the best place for the presentation of the work. People who rule our cities do not understand graffiti, because they are convinced that the only right to exist is that which benefits. That is why their opinion is worthless. Banksy work is very simple and intelligible, they always have humor (irony at least) and there is always a social overtones. And then everything depends on whether you like it or not. “People say graffiti is ugly, irresponsible and childish. But that's only if it's done properly.” —Banksy CONCLUSION I believe that people should recognize street art as an art. I would like to see more of such drawings on my streets than advertising. It seems to me that there are a lot of inappropriate
2012. a-l ilmus ka raamatu terviktõlge. ◦ Akadeemilises maailmas Spengleri maine siiski kõrge pole ja kutselise kultuuriajaloo kontekstis viidatakse talle võrdlemisi harva. Samas on ta endiselt laiema publiku seas palju loetud ja mõjukas. Arnold Toynbee (1889–1975) • Toynbee tsivilisatsioonid ◦ “Tsivilisatsioon” on ajaloo põhiühik ehk “mõistusega haaratav uurimisväli” (intelligible field of study), mis ei sõltu ajaloolase ühiskondlikust ümbrusest. ◦ Neid tsivilisatsioone loendab Toynbee maailmaajaloos kokku kuni kolmkümmend seitse (see arv ei püsi küll paigal, vaid varieerub “Uurimuse” erinevates köidetes, levinuim on 21). ◦ Võrreldes Spengleriga on Toynbee teadmiste ja käsitluse ulatus märksa laiem, hõlmates nt. samuti mitmeid Ameerika põliskultuure.
Keys exist within a general system and control that system's variable elements. For example, if a polyalphabetic cipher provides 26 cipher alphabets, a keyword might define the half dozen or so that are to be used in a particular message. Codewords or codenumbers can be subjected to transposition or substitution just like any other group of letters or numbers—the transforming processes do not ask that the texts given to them be intelligible. Code that has not yet undergone such a process—called superencipherment —or which has been deciphered from it is called placode, a shortening of "plain code." Code that has been transformed is called encicode, from "enciphered code." To pass a plaintext through these transformations is to encipher or encode it, as the case may be. What comes out of the transformation is the ciphertext or the codetext. The final secret message, wrapped up and sent, is the cryptogram
entities of a certain range and kind, to explain the behavior of observable chemical substances and the ratios in which they combine. A first problem for the theory as stated so far is created by a sort of mean- ing fact that I have not mentioned up till now. Some philosophers consider this sort even more important than all the ones listed above: We understand a sentence S, in an immediate way, whereas we do not understand a gibberish string of words. Some strings of words are intelligible and other strings are not. This brings another term into the relation. Till now, the Proposition Theory has focused just on linguistic expressions and on propositions, with the expressing relation defined on them. Now it must let in human beings. What is it for a person to understand a sentence S? The classic Moorean answer is: for that person to bear a certain relation to a proposition and to know that S expresses that proposition. This relation Moore called "grasping"
verily believe I could forgive him anything and everything, rather than his disappointing the hopes and disgracing the memory of his father." Elizabeth found the interest of the subject increase, and listened with all her heart; but the delicacy of it prevented further inquiry. Mr. Wickham began to speak on more general topics, Meryton, the neighbourhood, the society, appearing highly pleased with all that he had yet seen, and speaking of the latter with gentle but very intelligible gallantry. "It was the prospect of constant society, and good society," he added, "which was my chief inducement to enter the ----shire. I knew it to be a most respectable, agreeable corps, and my friend Denny tempted me further by his account of their present quarters, and the very great attentions and excellent acquaintances Meryton had procured them. Society, I own, is necessary to me. I have been a disappointed man, and my spirits will not bear solitude. I must have employment and society
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