numbers of phytoplankton will increase until there are no nutrients left in the water. Some facts *It's deep: average depth of ocean is 3,800 m; deepest trenches reach ~11,000 m. *Ergo, hydrostatic pressures are high: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for each 10 m increase in depth - pressures may reach ~1,100 atmospheres. *Temperatures are low: only a few degree above 0 degrees Centigrade in most regions. *Temperatures are low: only a few degree above 0 degrees Centigrade in most regions. *Hydrothermal vent temperatures may be high, up to ~ 400 degrees Centigrade. *It's dark. *It may be very low in oxygen *But...despite all of this...life goes on there.
It is consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery. Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathering rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the weathering process, some clay minerals are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clay deposits may be formed in place as remainder deposits in soil, but thick deposits usually are formed as the result of a secondary sedimentary deposing process. Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes and marine basins. (slide 5) Clays exhibit plasticity when mixed with water in certain proportions. When dry, clay becomes firm and when fired in a kiln, permanent physical and chemical changes occur.
Musta suitsetaja korstnast paiskub välja keemilisi aineid, näiteks H2, H2S, Fe-sulfiidi, metaani jne. On arvatud, et elu võis Maal tekkida ka sellistes tingimustes. Mikroobid on elanud mustade suitsetajate kooslustes juba vähemalt 3.3 miljardit aastat. Westall, F. et al. (2015) Archean (3.33 Ga) microbe-sediment systems were diverse and flourished in a hydrothermal context. Geology 43, 615–618 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFHtVRKoaUM Mikrobioloogia I 2017
· geysers. Picture 13.2. Ring of fire The most active geothermal resources are usually found along major plate boundaries where earthquakes and volcanoes are concentrated. Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area called the Ring of Fire. This area rims the Pacific Ocean. When magma comes close to the surface it heats ground water found trapped in porous rock or water running along fractured rock surfaces and faults. Such hydrothermal resources have two common ingredients: water (hydro) and heat (thermal). Naturally occurring large areas of hydrothermal resources are called geothermal reservoirs. Geologists use different methods to look for geothermal reservoirs. Drilling a well and testing the temperature deep underground is the only way to be sure a geothermal reservoir really exists. Most of the geothermal reservoirs in the United States are located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii
Isereplitseeruv RNA 3. Isereplitseeruv RNA lipiidse või peptiidse membraaniga kerakestes 4. Lihtsad rakud, RNA on kodeeriv kui ka katalüüsiv molekul 5. Sünteesitud valgud võtavad üle RNA katalüütilised rollid 6. DNA evolutsioon RNAst 7. Kaasaegne rakk Orgaanilised komponendid kosmosest? (panspermia) 1000d meteoriidid ja komeeded tõid kaasa org. molekule, mis olid välikosmoses abiootilistes reaktsioonides formuleerunud Ookeani põhjas ,,mustad suitsejad" (hüdrotermaalsed lõõrid, hydrothermal vents). Annab keemilisi aineid (H2, H2S, Fe-sulfiid, metaan jne.). Elu tekkis nendes tingimustes? Eukarüootse raku teke Endosümbioos. Rakumembraan sopistub sisse. Tekib tuum. Saab mitokondri. Kloroplastid- ürgne tsüanobakter. Rakk+vibur (spiroheet)= proteobakter Mitokonder- eellaseks peetakse ürgset alfa-proteobakterit. 4 MIKROBIOLOOGIA AJALUGU 2 etappi- kirjeldav periood ja füsioloogilis-biokeemilis-molekulaarbioloogiline periood 17
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