SÕNAD! täiteaine-aggregate Sideaine-binder Toornafta-crude oil Bituumen(põhja-A)- Bituumen mujal maailmas-bitumen Pressitud killustikkate-macadam Osake-particle Maardla-mineral deposit Puhastatud, rafineeritud jääk- a Regined residue Defineeri sõnad? Asphalt-“Asphalt” is a dark brown to black, highly viscous, hydrocarbon produced from petroleum distillation residue. This distillation can occur naturally, resulting in asphalt lakes, or occur in a petroleum refinery using crude oil. Slurry-Slurry seal involves a creation of mixture of asphalt emulsioon and fine crushed aggregate that is Spread on the surface of a road chip seal-Chip seal involves spraying the road surface with asphal emulsions followed by crushed rocks or gravel
and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows: Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 87% Hydrogen 10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0% Metals < 0.1% Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil. Composition by weight Hydrocarbon Average Range Paraffins 30% 15 to 60% Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60% Aromatics 15% 3 to 30% Asphaltics 6% remainder Most of the world's oils are non-conventional. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black
The country has some oil and conventional gas, and perhaps more importantly, possesses as much as 4 percent of global coal reserves. Though more than half of energy consumed is imported, reserves of unconventional gas are estimated to be several trillions of cubic meters in size, promising gas independence from Russia in about two decades. Indeed, Ukraine's growth rate in 20012008, boosted by exceptional improvement in terms of trade, was fully comparable with Eurasian hydrocarbon producers at some 7 percent annually. Infrastructure is in spite of deterioration in relatively good shape. The Soviet Union left industries, for instance in crucially important metallurgy, that are generally taken to be in better condition than in Russia. Ukraine was a potentially rich country made poor by a tragic history. During the years following independence, Ukraine has grown with the region, but relative to many expectations, this has been a bitter disappointment
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