• In 20th the livestock industry was collectivized for a period • Most of the countries of th region report serious degradation of their grazing lands. By the least affected is Mongolia Mongolia Case Study • Topographic features , weather andfeed availability influence the itineraries chosen for immigration • All movements are west-east to make better use of pasture recources and climatic differences • Distance travelled annually is between 90 and 180 km • No herders stay at higher altitudes in winter • Since decollectivization puclic services, including technical support have detoriated, leading to marketing and procurement of neccesities Chinas pasture resources • There is great diversity of psture types • A range of forages and pasture plants havebeen developed to suit the various zones • Pastures of family farms belong to the state and grazing rights are leased. Western Himalaya • The transhumance systems are similar throughtout.
These modern accordions (called akordion in Estonian) were first introduced in the 1920s by sailors who bought them in Finland, Sweden or Germany. On the right are keys for the melody and on the left are buttons for base and chords. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS · A wooden gong (lokulaud) used for signals to call workers home, gather people or inform about accidents. · Also ( käristi) rattl e was practical instrument used by herders to ward off wild beasts during the day from the cattle or during the night watch from oxen and horses. Heliraud was basically a triangle or metal ring beat with a metal beater, and sometimes used in making music. · jew's harp is not directly a percussion instrument but its principle is similar, as the sound is generated by the rigid quality of the material.
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