strain 1 much, less sensitive / more resistant ; comparative figures ; C most effective / AW ; B least effective / AW ; 4 max (c) mutation ; random / chance / pre-existing ; detail of mutation ; e.g. base substitution, addition, deletion ref to, selection / selective advantage ; codes for different, glucan / biofilm ; affects all three antibiotics ; blocks antibiotic from reaching cells ; binds antibiotics ; 4 max (d) horizontal transmission ; (copy of) plasmid ; via conjugation ; detail ; conjugation tube / ‘R’ plasmid / single strand DNA transferred via transformation ; transferred by (bacterio)phage ; 3 max
2008). Polysaccharides from various origins (Chang and Carpenter 1997; Desmond et al. were tested in low-fat meat products: xanthan 1998; Steenblock et al. 2001); edible sea- (Wallingford and Labuza 1983; Pearson weeds such as sea Spaghetti, Wakame, and and Gillett 1996), carrageenan (Trius and Nori (Cofrades et al. 2008); pea fiber (Claus Sebranek 1996), carboxymethylcellulose, and Hunt 1991); peach dietary fiber beta-glucan, guar gum, gellan, locust bean (Grigelmo-Miguel et al. 1999); and kimchi gum, and starch (Pietrasik 1999; Chattong et powder (Lee et al. 2008) have been used al. 2007; García-García and Totosaus 2008). alone or combined with other ingredients in These polysaccharides are available under the formulation of meat products. Inulins purified form and are generally considered as were used to replace fat and to reduce energy additives
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