The custom of binding several wax tablets together (Roman pugillares) is a possible precursor for modern books (i.e. codex). The etymology of the word codex (block of wood) also suggests that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets. In the 5th century, Isidore of Seville explained the relation between codex, book and scroll in his Etymologiae (VI.13): "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks (codex) of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock, because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches." Middle Ages Manuscripts Folio 14 recto of the 5th century Vergilius Romanus contains an author portrait of Virgil. Note the bookcase (capsa), reading
hulgas Lübeckis, Kielis, Rostockis, Wismaris, Stralsundis, Greifswaldis, Tallinnas, Rakver es ja Narvas. Varaseim kirjalikult tõendatud linnaõiguslik daatum Tallinna ajaloos on 15. mai 1248, mil Taani kuningas Erik Plovpenning (Adraraha) andis siinsetele kodanikele "kõik õigused, mis on Lübecki kodanikel". 23. Keskaegne õigusteadus ja ülikoolid. Ülikoolide tekkimine Sevilla Isidorus ca 600 “Etymologiae” hariduskaanon. Artistide fakulteedis seitse vaba kunsti Trivium: grammatika, retoorika, dialektika; Quadrivium: aritmeetika, muusika, geomeetria, astronoomia. 12. sajandil sellest enam ei piisanud. Bolognast sai juristide Meka (õigust saab ja tuleb käsitleda ratsionalistlikult) Pariis - filosoofid (Hispaaniast tulnud Aristotelese õpetus). 11.saj Monte Cassino klooster, renovatio imperii idee.
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