The severity of these disease effects on total crop yield might be ranked: 1) sclerotinia, 2) verticillium, 3) rust (recently more severe), 4) phoma, and 5) downy mildew. Resistance to rust, downy mildew, and verticillium wilt has been incorporated into improved sunflower germplasm. Table 3: Major sunflower diseases and symptoms. Downy mildew Cottony fungus on underside of leaves. Dwarfing, Plasmopara halstedi contrasting discoloration of yellow-green and green. Blackening and sometimes swelling at base of stem. Disease most severe when rain occurs before and after emergence. Powdery mildew Cottony fungus on green leaves late in summer - not largely Erysiphe cichoracearum damaging. Leaf spot Dead blotches on flower leaves before heading. Has not
Wicklund, S., C. Homco-Ryan, K. Ryan, F. McKeith, B. growth rate in two growth periods on intramuscular McFarlane, and S. Brewer. 2005. Aging and enhance- connective tissue and palatability traits of beef. ment effects on quality characteristics of beef strip Czechoslovakian Journal of Animal Science steaks. Journal of Food Science 70:S242–248. 48:113–119. Wood, J. D., G. R. Nute, and R. I. Richardson. 2004. Zhu, L., and S. Brewer. 1998. Discoloration of fresh Effects of breed, diet and muscle on fat deposition and normal, PSE, and DFD pork during retail display. eating quality in pigs. Meat Science 67(4):651–667 Journal of Food Science 63:763–767. Chapter 3 Meat Decontamination Panagiotis N. Skandamis, George-John E. Nychas, and John N. Sofos Introduction microorganisms, such as coliforms and
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