Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137 Solenoids 137 Heaters 143 Coolers 148 Fans 149 LEDs 151 7 Motors 161 Stepper Motors 161 DC Motors 180 Brushless DC Motors 184 Tradeoffs between Motors 198 Motor Torque 201 vi Contents 8 EMI 203 Ground Loops 203 ESD 208 9 High-Precision Applications 213 Input Offset Voltage 215
Referential Theory. Considered as entities, these abstract items are somewhat weird. They are not located anywhere in space, and, since they could not be created or destroyed, they are also temporally eternal or at least everlasting. They existed long before any living being did, even though their contents 72 Theories of meaning have to do with highly specific states of human affairs, such as Fred's having downed four quick Malaga Coolers at He's Not Here during the early evening of Tuesday 19 September 1995. The propositions will exist long after the last sentient creature is dead. And (necessarily, since they are not in spacetime) they have no causal properties; they do not make anything happen. A reply It is right and proper to be wary of positing weird entities. But perhaps this direct appeal to "Occam's Razor" is premature. The medieval philosopher William of Occam told us not to multiply posited entities beyond explana-
Summer. 2007. An alternative process Waste containers Daily for cleaning knives used on meat slaughter floors. Storage areas Daily International Journal of Food Microbiology 113(1): Wall Weekly 23–27. Condensate drip pans Weekly/monthly Fatemi, P., and J. F. Frank. 1999. Inactivation of Listeria Coolers Weekly/monthly monocytogenes/Pseudomonas biofilms by peracid Freezers Semiannually sanitizers. Journal of Food Protection 62(7):761– 765. Source: Henning and Cutter, 2001 Giese, J. H. 1991. Sanitation: The key to food safety and public health
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