by James Pugh Kirkwood. Later, the use of artificial cement combined with more sophisticated understanding of the mathematical principles of arch theory resulted in renewed interest in stone and masonry arch bridges in Europe. Beginning in the mid-19th century, masonry railroad viaducts were an important civil engineering technology for continental Europe. The most impressive were the 1969ft (600m) long Chaumont Viaduct (1857) and the 240ft (73m) high Sainte-Brieuc (Barentin) Viaduct (1860), both in France, and the Goltzschtal Viaduct in Germany, which used 26 million units of brick. The French engineer, Paul Séjourne, expressed the most elegant modern restatement of the principles of this most ancient material in his masterpiece bridges of stone, the 279ft (85m) span Pont Adolphe in Luxembourg (1903) and the bridge at Plauen, Germany (1905), which was the
Parki ehitati elegantseid kohvikuid ja restorane. Rajati purskkaeve ja basseine. Samuti võidusõidurada hobustele. Bois de Vincennes (1860-65) lihtrahvale. Ka see oli vana jahipark, müüriga ümbritsetud. Uus park rajati samadel põhimõtetel mis Bois de Bologne. Vett järvedeks saadi Marne'i jõest. Parc de Monceau (1861) vana 18 saj. romantiline maastikupark püramiidide ja klassikaliste ehitustega. Lisati uusi kujusid kirjanikele ja heliloojatele. Istutati uusi taimi. Buttes-Chaumont. (1864-67). Endine kivimurd kesk töölisrajooni. Väga vahelduva reljeefiga. Järv, mille keskel kaljusaar, rippsild. Kuigi kõik need pargid said ruttu populaarseks, siis töölisklassi viletsus sellest oluliselt ei paranenud. Rahutused Pariisis jätkusid 1870-ndatel. MUJAL EUROOPAS 19.-20. SAJANDI VAHETUSEL - PARIISI EESKUJUL Ka mujal Euroopas kujundati ümber linnasüdameid ja rajati linnaparke. Tihti muudeti vanad
The one developed cryptology internally, the other externally. The telegraphy had given cryptology shape and content; now the radio carried it out into the arena of life. One gave it form; the other, meaning. The radio completed the work that the telegraph had begun. And so it was that radio, first widely used in the Great War of 1914 to 1918, brought cryptology to maturity. To the right of the imposing stone A.E.F. headquarters building at Chaumont stood an undistinguished, single-story barracks of glass and concrete. Sometimes called the "Glass House," the caserne housed the other half of the American cryptologic effort, the Radio Intelligence Section, G.2 A.6. Its chief, Major Frank Moorman, 40, a native of Michigan, was a blue- eyed, brown-haired Regular Army man who had worked his way up through the infantry ranks from private. He was a 1915 graduate of the Army Signal School and knew enough about cryptanalysis to devise an
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