............................. 75 9. Mõisted ................................................................................................................................ 77 Kasutatud kirjandus .............................................................................................................. 81 4 TÄHISTUSED I voolutugevus (amperage) A amper t aeg (time) s sekund [SI] M moment (torque) Nm Njuuton-meetrit ω nurkkiirus (angular velocity) rad/s radiaani sekundis W energia (energy) J/ cal džaul/ kalor l pikkus (length) m meeter
much water will be splashed on the heater? How do you predict that the user will suddenly remove the load? Another example of sudden load changes is in automobile voltage regula- tors. If the driver suddenly switches off the car’s headlights, the load on the electrical system is instantly reduced (called “load dumping”). The voltage produced by the alternator suddenly jumps up to many times the value it was because the alternator tries to produce the same power output but at a lower amperage. In a case like this, you don’t want the system to respond along a PID curve—you want it to recognize the event and respond immediately. The typical way to handle an input change like this is to cut off the PWM output and let the system “coast” until things stabilize. The key thing here is to be sure the integral and/or derivative values don’t result in an erroneous output when the control is reinitiated. You may have to reset or otherwise modify
annaabi.ee 
