Russian philology
But the thaw did not last long. In the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were not
only banned from publishing but were also prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments, or
parasitism. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. Others, such as Nobel Prizewinning
poet Joseph Brodsky; novelists Vasily Aksyonov, Eduard Limonov, Sasha Sokolov and
Vladimir Voinovich; and short story writer Sergei Dovlatov, had to emigrate to the West,
while Oleg Grigoriev and Venedikt Yerofeyev "emigrated" to alcoholism. Their books were
not published officially until perestroika, although fans continued to reprint them manually in
a manner called "samizdat" (self-publishing).
Post-Soviet era
The end of the 20th century proved a difficult period for Russian literature, with relatively
few distinct voices. Although the censorship was lifted and writers could now freely express
their thoughts, the political and economic chaos of the 1990s affected the book market and
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