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complex geometries, as it can be bent and curved into the required forms. Additionally,
the speed of erection cannot be matched by any other construction material.
There is no exact definition to what is a complex structure, however there are certain
characteristics, that make the design, fabrication and construction processes of a building
more difficult. For the Walt Disney Concert Hall (Figure 1) it was the undulating form
that made this project extremely complex, for the UPS Worldport in Louisville, Kentucky
it was the combination of heavy point loads in a highly seismic region and a building
design that did not allow any lateral bracing. Unique structures, such as stadiums and
industrial facilities require often steel in excess of 10,000 tons, exerting a tremendous
workload on structural engineers and detailers. For example the Olympic stadium in
Beijing (Figure 2), resembling a birds nest, used 40,000 tons of steel and required 20,000
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