Other types of organizations have also learned to employ the power of a small gift to spur actions that would have been otherwise withheld. Survey researchers have discovered that sending a monetary gift (a silver dollar or a $5 check) in an en- velope with a mailed questionnaire greatly increases survey completion rates, com- pared to offering the same monetary amount as an after-the-fact reward (Singer, Van Holwyk 8{ Maher, 2000; Warriner, Goyder, Gjertsen, Horner, 8{ McSpurren, 1996). Indeed, one study showed that mailing a $5 "gift" check along with an insur- ance survey was twice as effective as offering a $50 payment for sending back a completed survey (James 8{ Bolstein, 1992). Similarly, food servers have learned that simply giving customers a candy or mint along with their bill significantly in- creases tips (Strohmetz, Rind, Fisher, 8{ Lynn, 2002). In general, business operators
sequential interventions, including knife- expressed as to whether steam-pasteurized trimming, steam-vacuuming, and thermal carcasses become more susceptible to bacte- (hot-water or steam) treatments (Dickson and rial attachment in case of recontamination Anderson 1991; Hardin et al. 1995; Gorman (Warriner et al. 2001). Reported reductions et al. 1997; Castillo et al. 1998c, 1999a, b, for E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. 2001a, b, 2003; Stopforth et al. 2004, 2005, monocytogenes, achieved by post-eviscera- 2007; Geornaras and Sofos 2005; Table tion steam pasteurization (105°C, 6–15 s), 3.1)
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