a Pariisis · kuningas vahetas usku juba 1594 · lõpetas antud konflikti, kuid ei lahendanud probleemi Vastureformatsioon Inglismaal: · Mary I 1553-58 (Verine-Mary) · Henry VIII katoliiklasest tütar · Ulatuslik protestantide tagakiusamine, hukati peapiiskop Th. Cranmer · Elizabeth I 1558-1603 (Virgin Queen) · Protestandist Inglismaa kuninganna · Taastas anglikaani kiriku, võideldes ka puritaanidega · Lähimaks nõustajaks oli Sir Francis Walsingham · Suurim ja ohtlikum konflikt tekkis Hispaaniaga Sõda Võitmatu Armaadaga 1588: · Hispaania katse vallutada Inglismaad · Felipe II käsul ehitati riigi ajaloo suurim laevastik (22 galeooni ja 108 sõjalaeva) · Inglismaal oli vastu panna 247 alus · Olukorda halvendas hispaanlaste invasiooniplaan Hollandi rannikul ootas ligi 40 000 meest · Lahingud kestsid 12 päeva
the public's affection for her One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, was the different character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the 1590s. A new generation was in power. With the exception of Lord Burghley, the most important politicians had died around 1590: The Earl of When he was wrongly accused by the Leicester in 1588, Sir Francis Earl of Essex of treason out of personal Walsingham in 1590, Sir Christopher pique, she could not prevent his Hatton in 1591. execution, although she had been angry He queen's personal authority was about his arrest and seems not to have lessening, as is shown in the affair of believed in his guilt (1594). Dr. Lopez, her trusted physician. Elizabeth, during the last years of her reign, came to rely on granting
complaint; all Philip got for his effort was the ridicule and derision of everyone who heard about it. At about the same time, England's first great cryptanalyst helped to execute a sentence of death on that most romantic and tragic of royal ladies, Mary, Queen of Scots. He was Thomas Phelippes. Son of London's collector of customs, he traveled widely in France in his mid-twenties. As early as 1538, while in Paris, he had begun cryptanalyzing messages for Sir Francis Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's Satanic-looking minister in charge of espionage. Back in England, Phelippes became one of Walsingham's most confidential assistants. He was an indefatigable worker, corresponding tirelessly in his calligraphic hand with Walsingham's numerous agents. His letters show a fair acquaintance with literary allusions and classical quotations, and he appears to have been able to solve ciphers in Latin, French, and Italian and, less proficiently, in Spanish
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