noticed that they did not catch smallpox. His theory was that those who had been inoculated with cowpox would become immune to the smallpox virus. To support his theory he performed the world’s first vaccination on an eight-year-old boy by first inoculating the boy with cowpox virus and later with smallpox virus, without smallpox disease ever developing.2 There wasn’t much trial and error when it came to his experiment, he provided evidence for his theory and that’s how vaccinations came to be. This example shows that although little effort was put into obtaining this knowledge, in comparison to discovering the structure and function of DNA, it has a value but due to the lack of scientific studies the experiment was risky and unethical. It has taken years of research and development to actually obtain the correct knowledge about safely administering vaccinations. This shows how much value knowledge obtained through hardship and time
(c) (i) binds RNA polymerase ; allows, transcription / production of mRNA ; switches gene on / allows gene expression ; 2 max (ii) (protect against) more than one, strain / disease / pathogen / AW ; stronger immune response ; less likely mutant form will escape immune response / AW ; AVP ; cheaper / reduces number of vaccinations 2 max (iii) Golgi modifies protein / polypeptide / AW ; forms glycoproteins / add sugars or carbohydrate ; Golgi forms vesicles ; incorporated into cell membrane ; R exocytosis AVP ; 2 max (d) cells that take up DNA vaccine might 1 function less well ;
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