Economic Country Review
Coastline: 3794 km
Climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Terrain: marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south
Land use: arable land: 12.05%, permanent crops: 0.35%, other: 87.6% (2005)
Environment current issues: air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oilshale burning power plants
in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the
emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to
water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the startup of new water
purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400
natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored;
coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations
(Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133).
2.2.3 People and society
Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2
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