worst-case value for sensitivity and may therefore underestimate it). A test with a high sensitivity has a low type II error rate. 7.Mis on meetodi spetsiifilisus? A specificity of 100% means that the test recognizes all actual negatives - for example, all healthy people will be recognized as healthy. Because 100% specificity means no positives are erroneously tagged, a positive result in a high specificity test is used to confirm the disease. The maximum can trivially be achieved by a test that claims everybody healthy regardless of the true condition. Therefore, the specificity alone does not tell us how well the test recognizes positive cases. We also need to know the sensitivity of the test. A test with a high specificity has a low type I error rate. Specificity is sometimes confused with the precision or the positive predictive value, both of which refer to the fraction of returned positives that are true positives. The distinction
But if (2) is true, (2) cannot be about Pegasus, for there is no such entity for it to be about. Likewise, if (2) is about Pegasus, then (2) is false, for Pegasus must then in some sense exist. It is worth noting a previous solution to the Problems of Apparent Reference to Nonexistents and Negative Existentials, rejected by Frege and later even more vehemently so by Russell. J1 is uncontroversial; J2 seems obvious; J4 is just a fact; and J5 is trivially true. Alexius Meinong (1904/1960) had boldly leapt to deny J6, insisting à la St. Anselm that any possible object of thought--even a self-contradictory one--has being of a sort even though only a few such things are so lucky as to exist in reality as well. Moriarty has being of that sort and can be referred to, even though--fortunately for England and the world--he lacks the property of existing. 2 With that otherwise unexplained distinction in hand, Meinong could deal
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