And small birds sing That sleep all the night with open eye, So pricks them nature in their hearts Then long/yearn people to go on pilgrimages And "palmers" to seek foreign shores To distant shrines could in various lands. And especially from every counties end Of England to Canterbury they turn The holy blessed martyr to seek That them has helped when they were ill. n). Two types of Celtic loan words were likely targets of permanent Anglo-Saxon adaptation before the Norman Conquest: Toponyms or place-names. For instance, Cornwall, Carlisle, Avon, Devon, Dover, London are originally Celtic names. Latin words the Celts borrowed from Rome, which were in turn borrowed by the Anglo-Saxon invaders--including words like candle and ass. 1066 the Battle of Hastings-During the next century approximately 200 000 Normans settled in Britain. (Norman) French was prestigious. Ample borrowing. Otto Jespersen: "The Norman invasion broke the proud Teutonic backbone of the English language" From
' But all he was doing was tapping into a natural everyday usage that is still with us." To boss someone, to sack someone, 29. Compounds Two or more nouns combined to form a single noun. Compound nouns are written as separate words (grapefruit juice), as words linked by a hyphen (sister-in-law), or as one word (schoolteacher). A compounded noun whose form no longer clearly reveals its origin (such as bonfire or marshall) is sometimes called an amalgamated compound. Many place names (or toponyms) are amalgamated compounds: e.g., Norwich (north + village) and Sussex (south + Saxons). Sunglasses, chalkboard, sleepwalk 30. Solid, hyphenated, and open compounds Solid compounds blackbird hyphenated compounds muddle-headed open compounds coffee cup …there is an additional preference in US English for the form to be one word and in British English for the form to be two words, e.g. buck tooth Br bucktooth US Eng 31
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