in real life. But they're not part of meaning." I believe this is just a schoolyard scuffle over the "m"-word, which is often used more generally as an umbrella term for whatever aspects of linguistic activity are considered important. We already know that there are kinds of meaning besides locutionary sentence meaning--speaker-meaning, for example. Now we can add that here is now an illocutionary kind of meaning, force, which is not the same thing as locu- tionary meaning either. Each of these kinds of meaning is perfectly real and indispensable to language use. 3 Infelicities and constitutive rules Speech acts are conventional acts; just as any "use" theorist would have it, they are embedded in and defined by social customs, practices, and institu- tions. Their performings are governed by rules of many kinds. The rules are usually unwritten, merely implicit in normative social behavior.
her. Although that Christmas was many years ago, I still remember it as one of my favorites because after first thinking that I'd lost that dress, it became a val- ued treasure for me to have. Author's note: It is worth asking what it is about the idea of loss that makes it so potent in human functioning. One prominent theory accounts for the primacy of loss over gain in evolu- tionary terms. If one has enough to survive, an increase in resources will be helpful but a de- crease in those same resources could be fatal. Consequently, it would be adaptive to be especially sensitive to the possibility of loss (Haselton Il{ Nettle, 2006). PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE ~ Time Limits Related to the limited-number technique is the "deadline" tactic in which some of-
T., J. N. Sofos, P. A. Kendall, K. E. Belk, and lactic acid and nisin. Journal of Food Protection G. C. Smith. 2003b. Comparative analysis of acid 63(1):131–136. resistance between susceptible and multi-antimicro- Arthur, T. M., J. M. Bosilevac, X. Nou, S. D. Shackelford, bial-resistant Salmonella strains cultured under sta- T. L. Wheeler, M. P. Kent, D. Jaroni, D. M. Allen, tionary-phase acid tolerance-inducing and noninducing and M. Koohmaraie. 2004. Escherichia coli O157 conditions. Journal of Food Protection 66(5):732– prevalence and enumeration of aerobic bacteria, 740. Meat Decontamination 77 Barkate, M. L., G. R. Acuff, L. M. Lucia, and D. S. Hale. the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on pre- 1993
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