Integration of Lean Con. and Building Information Modelling
Insufficient quality
The construction industry is seen as an unproductive production system if compared with other
industries, e.g., car manufacturing (Koskela and Vrijhoef 2001; Winch 1998). High levels of waste and
unpredictability in terms of delivery, time, budget, profitability and standards of quality combine to
2
Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK. One of the founders of IGLC.
Suggested TFV theory in 2000 as his PhD thesies.
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give the construction industry one of the worst public images among the industrial sectors (Egan 1998;
Koskela 2000; Santos 1999).
The Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering, headed by Paul Teicholz at Stanford University,
conducted research on labour productivity in the construction industry. The productivity of the
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