leaders to succeed him, those leaders had to be elected. Sunnis recognize four major legal traditions, or madhhabs: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali. All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim might choose any one that he or she finds agreeable, but other Islamic sects are believed to have departed from the majority by introducing innovations (bidah). There are also several orthodox theological or philosophical traditions within Sunnism. For example, the recent Salafi movement sees itself as restorationist and claims to derive its teachings from the original sources of Islam. Shi'a The Shi'a, who constitute the secondlargest branch of Islam, believe in the political and religious leadership of infallible Imams from the progeny of Ali ibn Abi Talib. They believe that he, as the cousin and soninlaw of Muhammad, was his rightful successor, and they call him
Sassaniidide kaudu, algselt Indiast, järgnevalt araablastele, "1000 ja 1 öö muinasjutud". Kultuurikeskus oli Gundisappur, kuhu kogunes kokku palju haritlasi, ka Kreekast, kui Ateena oma suleti. Islami ajajärk: 18 Islami vallutus oli poolitav koht Pärsia ajaloos, sümbooline aastaarv 651. Araablased paiskusid Araabia poolsaarelt välja ning Iraan oli ainuke koht, kus elas islami vähemus siiism (enamus on sunnism). Islam tekkis prohvet Muhammadist (eesti keeles ka Muhammed, Muhammad, Muhamed, Mohammed; täisnimi Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim), kes elas umbes 570 (Meka) 632 (Mediina). Muhammad oli islamiusu prohvet ja mõningate Araabia hõimude ühendaja. Muslimid (moslemid) lisavad pärast tema nime suulist või kirjalikku mainimist alati "rahu olgu tema peal" (teine tõlge: "Jumal õnnistagu teda ja andku talle rahu" või sallalahu aleyhi wasallam).
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