overview of possible infrastructural instabilities caused by global warming, methodologies are proposed placing emphasis on the increasing probability of infrastructural instability triggered by natural hazards resulting from groundwater-level (GWL) variations. These effects are expected to be particularly serious in coastal regions because of the influence of the rising sea level resulting from global warming. The influence of sea-level rises (SLR) will become apparent along with land subsidence because groundwater abstraction will become severe in coastal regions. Additionally, the probability of earthquake liquefaction increases if GWL rises in accompaniment with SLR. Using case histories, we examined the possible occurrence of these natural hazards as a result of global warming. Finally, possible countermeasures and adaptation strategies for reducing and mitigating infrastructure damage accelerated by global warming are described for each case in specific regions. In
The central highlands The central highlands contain a wide variety of topographies: rounded and eroded hills, massive . granite outcrops and alluvial plains and marshes. The central highlands include the Anjafy High Plateaux and the Ankaratra Massif. A prominent feature of the central highlands is a rift valley, the largest body of water on the island, having a length of forty kilometers. This region has experienced geological subsidence, and earth tremors are frequent here. The west coast The west coast, composed of sedimentary formations deposited in several layers over time, is more indented than the east coast. Deep bays and well-protected harbors have attracted explorers, traders, and pirates from Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The area has served as an important bridge between Madagascar and the outside world. The southwest The southwest is bordered on the
10% of the buildings had some damage from wood rotting fungi in the bottom beam of the external wall. The load- bearing structures of two buildings were damaged by dry rot (Serpula Lacrymans). Envelope structures such as siding, exterior window sills, rainwater drainage, and roof covering often need renovation to protect the load-bearing structures from further damage. The main causes of damage and flaws in the foundations were the uneven subsidence of the foundation, the empty spaces between bricks where the mortar had fallen out, foundations that were too low (or ground elevation of the surrounding area) and the failure to protect the edge of the foundation from rain water, or the decay of the slope made of mortar for that purpose. The main critical aspects of the exterior walls and the main causes of damage to exterior walls were the joints of the external wall and the foundation (foundation too low,
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