Public Administration and Innovation
industrial sector and country. Cluster analysis focuses on the interactions between
particular types of firms and sectors, which can be grouped according to their
technological and networking characteristics. Patterns of knowledge flows can differ
markedly from cluster to cluster and also within countries specialised around
different industrial clusters (e.g. forestry, chemicals). Innovation systems can also be
analysed at different levels: subregional, national, pan-regional and international.
While the national level may be the most relevant due to the role of country specific
interactions in creating a climate for innovation, international technology flows and
collaborations are taking on growing significance. Future research will focus on
improving the indicators used to map interactions in national innovation systems as
well as the linkages to the innovative performance of firms and countries. These
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