the first real Italian cuisine. Muslims invaded Sicily in the 9th century. The Arabs introduced spinach, almonds, rice and perhaps spaghetti. During the 12th century, a Norman king surveyed Sicily and saw people making long strings made from flour and water called atriya, which eventually became trii, a term still used for spaghetti in southern Italy. Normans also introduced casseroles, salt cod (baccalà) and stockfish which remain popular. 4 Early modern era The courts of Florence, Rome, Venice and Ferrara were central to the cuisine. Christoforo Messisbugo, steward to Ippolito d'Este, published Banchetti Composizioni di Vivande in 1549. Messisbugo gives recipes for pies and tarts (containing 124 recipes with various fillings). The work emphasizes the use of Eastern spices and sugar.
Due to the recent data revolution, new data formats and databases with unimaginable scales have arisen, and artificial intelligence including machine learning greatly benefiting from it. Artificial intelligence requires tremendous quantities of data for it to be exact, and big data is exactly that. Some game including machine learning examples are: - AlphaGo, a software developed to play the Chinese board game Go [4]. - Stockfish, an open source chess engine [5]. - Deep Blue, an older chess-playing computer which beat Kasparov [6]. - OpenAI, an artificial intelligence research organization that aims to promote and develop friendly AI in such a way as to benefit humanity as a whole [7]. An example that mimics cognitive thinking: - CALO - Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes [8]. Other examples which show reasoning capabilities:
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