most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short story Nobel Prize-winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. This "thaw" did not last long; in the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were banned from publishing and prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments. The end of the 20th century was a difficult period for Russian literature, with few distinct voices. Among the most discussed authors of this period were Victor Pelevin, who gained
X. THE SECOND HALF OF THE FIFTIES. TOWARDS A MODERN IDIOM: EINO TAMBERG AND VELJO TORMIS. Nikita Khruschev in February 1956, at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party condemned Stalin’s personality cult for suffocating the people’s initiative and expression, for political careerism, economic mismanagement and mass executions. The new era was named “the thaw of Khruschev”. Intellectuals felt relief and hoped for a better future. Khruschev allowed Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich to be published in the literary magazine Novyi Mir in 1962. Estonian writers and artists obtained some freedom of expression, but certainly not the freedom in the Western sense. In literature satire and comedy were revived and international relationships began to develop again. A new generation of writers rose to prominence (Lehte Hainsalu, Uno Laht and Jaan Kross). Jaan Kross (1920-2008),
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