Its industrial decline following the Second World War was particularly acute, but in recent decades the country has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas, and latterly a devolved parliament. Scotland during the Roman Empire ! Scotland during the Roman Empire encompasses a period of time that is both part of genuine history and of protohistory. It is complicated by the fact that although the Roman Empire influenced every part of Scotland during the period from the arrival of the legions in c. AD 71 to their departure in 213 their occupation was neither complete nor continuous and that the idea of both "Scots" and of "Scotland" as a discrete entity did not emerge until many centuries later. Throughout this time the geographical area of Scotland was occupied by several different tribes utilising Iron
glaciation. Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone. Roman influence The written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia. Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes. In 834 AD the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the battle of Mons Graupius, and
suhetele, kuigi arheoloogia peaeesmärgiks on omaaegse ühiskonna kõikide tahkude uurimine. Terminit esiajalugu prehistory kasutas esmakordselt inglane Daniel Wilson 1851. aastal, kuigi Prantsusmaal oli mõistet "esiajalooline" kasutatud juba 1833. aastal. Selle terminiga tähistati siis ja tähistatakse ka praegu inimese arenemise lugu enne kirja tundmaõppimist. Lisaks esiajaloole kasutatakse Lääne-Euroopas ka termineid protohistory ja frühgeschichte varaajalugu. Need käivad tegelikult esiajaloole järgneva perioodi kohta, millest on juba olemas kirjalikke allikaid, kuid nende hulk on veel väike ning põhiinfo ajastu kohta saadakse ikkagi arheoloogilisest materjalist. Niisiis, erineb esiajalugu ajaloost kirjalike allikate puudumise poolest. Kuid on ka sisuline erinevus, sest esiajalugu käsitleb ühiskonda ja kultuuri ning üldisemaid suundumusi ja arenguid ning peaaegu üldsegi mitte konkreetseid sündmusi
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