and finally demolishing the Augustan canon. 29. The English landscape garden and the Augustan reappraisal of Nature Leitmotif of Britishness – landscape; link between national identity and British landscape garden brought about in 18thC, in literature move away from looking towards classical antiquity, turning instead towards an appreciation of native beauties. First landscape gardens had turned nature into series of pictures, now it presupposed Nature as a painter, if gardens were to be pictures. People look increasingly at the untouched countryside in pictorial terms, examples of Nature’s pencil. First gardens had appealed through intellect, now through passions. New valuation to emotions like awe, terror -> gave status for 1st time to negative qualities like darkness and solitude, silence and immensity of scale (radical shift from Augustan ideals of harmony and proportion) -> appreciation of mountains, other wild terrain
(as in Lycan 1984 and Neale 1990). Often we say things like "Everyone likes her," meaning, not every person in the universe, but everyone in a certain contextually indicated social circle. Or "Nobody goes to that restaurant any more," which is unlikely to mean that no human being at all goes there; it would more commonly mean, no one of our sort (whatever sort that is).8 What logicians call the domains over which quantifiers range need not be universal, but are often particular classes roughly presupposed in the context. In fact (you can check this for yourself), practically all quantification that occurs in English is restricted quantification: "I'll eat anything on pizza," "There's no beer," and even "I wouldn't trade this car for anything in the world." Of course the usual Russellian analysis starts with a quantifier: "At least one thing is a table . . . ." Let us simply regard that quantifier as restricted in the appropriate way. The same restriction will apply to the "at most one
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