(Friedlaender, 1952, p.17) The message of the Horatii was very much favored by the Academy for its heroic and instructive story. However, controversially David saw Horatii as a protest against the bureaucratic institution of the Academy. (Roberts, 1989, p.18) Roberts (1989) comments on the attentions of Jacques-Louis David: "Yet the Horatii has long been regarded as subversive, or to use the term that has gained recent currency, it is seen in some quarters as prerevolutionary. To see the work as prerevolutionary is different than seeing it as "fully republican" as critics once did. L.D. Ettlinger repudiated that idea in 1967, when he explained that David was neither political nor republican when he painted the Horatii."(Roberts, 1989, p.18) Moreover, in 1978 Thomas crow, an American art historian, published an article which revived the historical dispute about David's intentions with his Horatii. Crow claimed that
Russian Communist party, the Soviet .. Union's real ruling body, whose chairman was first Lenin and then Stalin. In 1938, it appears to have been renamed and reorganized into the 5th Directorate of what was then the N.K.V.D. Up until that time, and beginning, apparently, around 1927, its chief was Gleb I. Boki, an old Bolshevik and friend of Lenin, who, at the same time, sat on the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union! Born in 1879, he had taken part in prerevolutionary activities and had gained the Communist badge of honor by being arrested many times and winning a three-year sentence in Siberia. At the time of the Revolution, he was secretary of the Bolshevik cell in the capital, St. Petersburg. In the early 1920's, he headed the Cheka in Turkestan, where he so terrorized the country that legends about him remained alive long after he had gone: that he ate dog meat (especially execrable to the Moslem population), even that he drank human , blood
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