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migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000. This
represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies to the
Americas during the colonial times. According to historian Leslie Bethell, "In 1700 Portugal
had a population of about two million people." During the 18th century, hundreds of
thousands left for the Portuguese Colony of Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place
severe restrictions on emigration.
RESTORATION AND POMBALINE ERA
In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic
career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of
Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first
wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the
Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however,
was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749
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