The English number system constitutes a two-term contrast: SINGULAR (`one') and PLURAL (`more than one'). Each noun phrase is either singular or plural, and its number is determined by its head. Distinguishes three main number classes of nouns (property of nouns). a) singular invariable nouns (noncount nouns, abstract adjective heads): music, Thomas, the mystical; no plural unless reclassification takes place b) plural invariable nouns (unmarked plural nouns, summation plurals, personal adjective heads, pluralia tantum words): people, scissors, jeans, the rich, damages, dregs; only in the plural c) variable nouns: dog, foot, analysis; these have both singular and plural forms We can talk about three broad categories of the plural: regular, irregular, and foreign, the last two of which have subdivisions. Type Exponent Examples -s beds, books, horses regular irregular Ø sheep, fish, deer
literary (renaissance) democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aberration, enthusiasm, pernicious, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity scientific (17th-18th nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic,carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, centuries) molecule The plurals of nucleus, verterbra, corpus, etc. Latin abbreviations in English i.e. = id est that is to say viz = namely etc = et cetera Latin adjectives for English nouns nose – nasal sun – solar son – filial mother – maternal mouth – oralmoon – lunar daughter – filial father – paternal stone – lithic 5. Greek borrowings The Greek language has contributed 50,000 words to the world. Christianity: New Testament in Greek
/s/. There are three main number classes of nouns. 1) Singular invariable nouns → Noncountable nouns, abstract adjective heads. For example: music, Thomas the mystical 2) Plural invariable nouns → Unmarked plural nouns, summation plurals etc. For example: people, jeans, scissors 3) Variable nouns → These have both, singular and plural forms. For example: dog, cat, analysis, foot Plural has three broad categories → 1) Regular → Nouns that take suffix /s/. For example: dog, cat → In some cases noun the suffix /–es/.
Initialisms are alphabetisms, where the initial letters of a phrase are taken to replace the phrase. All the letters are pronounced as a sequence. o FAQ, BBC, UN, MC (emcee), PR, CPR, DUI, FBI, CIA, WHO. 9 Acronyms are pronounced according to grapheme-phoneme conversion rules. They function as regular words and can take plurals. o AWOL – absent without official leave, TWOC – taken without owners consent, AIDS, NATO, Scuba – self-contained underwater breathing apparatus,, SIM – subscriber identification module 24. Clippings, fore clippings, back clippings, ambiclippings Clipping is a word-formation process during which a word is reduced to a certain part of it while retaining the original meaning. Also known as shortening or truncation
Exercise 3 Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers. Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 key 6 toy 2 city 7 baby 3 butterfly 8 party 4 monkey 9 chimney 5 fly 10 lady Exercise 4 All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es as you write the plurals on the line. Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 video 6 radio 2 piano 7 hippo 3 mango 8 zoo 4 kangaroo 9 zero 5 rhino 10 photo 33 Collective Nouns Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are nouns for groups of people. a family
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