were pagans. The Danes were well armed with long swords, spears, daggers, axes, bows, iron helmets & chain armour. Their ships were sailing-boats, but they were also provided wiht oars. The sails were often red & blue & green. At the prow of the ship there was usually a carved dragon's head which rose high out of the water. The Danes were bold & skilful seamen. The word ,,Vikings" probably means ,,pirates" or ,,the people of the sea inlets". At first they only raided & plundered. Came in spring & summer, burnt churches and monasteries, loaded their ships and returned home. London itself was raided in 851. The Danes were successful, because the Anglo-Saxons had neither a regular army nor a fleet, no coastguards, so the raiders could appear unexpectedly. There were few bad roads, so it took several weeks to send a messenger & ask for help and help was a long time in coming. In 866 York fell to the Vikings. York had Viking kings until 954. In 865 the Vikings invaded
In 1725, the Estonian population was 220 000, in 1765, 400 000 and in 1858, 750 000. Throughout the period, Estonia was mainly an agrarian society. The townspeople formed a modest 5 per cent of the whole population. By 1782, their number had grown to 23 000. The biggest town was Tallinn with a population of 10 700; in Tartu the number was 3400. And there were some smaller towns like Rakvere and Paide, mercilessly plundered in the Northern War. Townspeople had to fight hard with the neighbouring landlords who considered them as. The population kept growing very slowly: in 1862 the number of townspeople was 64 000, which formed only 8.7 per cent of the population living on Estonian territory. The Estonian population in 1782 was divided according to social class as follows: nobility 0.6%; the clergy, townspeople, and other free people (excluding the Swedish "free peasants"
What attracted them? 3. Was England the only country they raided and settled? 4. Who was able to halt their southward advance? 5. What kind of agreement did King Alfred make with the Danes? 41 6. Were there many differences (or similarities) in culture and language between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes? 4. Put a preposition in each gap. Underline the prepositions in your notebooks. A new wave ___ invaders came ____ Scandinavia. They only raided ___ first. They plundered churches and monasteries _____ the coasts ___ Britain and Ireland. ___ 865 they invaded Britain._____ ten years they occupied most ___ England. Their conquest was halted ___ Alfred _____ defeating them ____ a battle ___ 878. It resulted ____ the division ____ England _____ two parts. The agreement recognized Viking rule ____ the north and east. ___ the rest ___ the country Alfred was recognized ___ king. The differences ___ culture and language ______ Anglo-Saxons
messages, they would have taken some action against the rescuers or the rescued or both. They did nothing. If their communications intelligence had been better, how might contemporary history have been changed! Their failure sharpens the contrast with Allied successes. For Allied cryptanalysts—which in the Pacific meant mostly Americans—galloped like Tartars through the phalanxed ranks of a legion of Japanese cryptosystems. They ravaged and plundered with a prodigality that did not trifle with petty matters. One system, when solved, proved to be used by direction-finding teams; though this might have afforded some indirect clues to Japanese attacks, it was cast aside for richer treasure. Commander Dyer estimated that American cryptanalysts demolished 75 Japanese naval codes during the war. Among them was the four-digit code used by the marus, or Japanese merchant vessels—the s code. Presumably this was attacked after the
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