Russian philology
Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.
After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts.
While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing
industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the
predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations
of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the
most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia.
Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav
Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short
story Nobel Prize-winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. Some writers dared
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