performances of his music in the first half of the 19th century. He is now regarded as the supreme composer of the Baroque, and as one of the greatest of all time. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Saxe-Eisenach. He was the youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director of the Stadtpfeifer or town musicians, and Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt. His father taught him to play violin and harpsichord. His uncles were all professional musicians, whose posts ranged from church organists and court chamber musicians to composers. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach (164593), was especially famous and introduced him to the art of organ playing. Bach was proud of his family's musical achievements, and around 1735 he drafted a genealogy, "Origin of the musical Bach family". Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father eight months later. The 10-year-old orphan moved in with his oldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach (16711721), the organist at the Michaeliskirche in nearby Ohrdruf
for a general cultural evolution as well as the development in music. This was the era that witnessed the blossoming of an amateur in music. Johannes Kappel (1855-1902), composer and organist, graduated from the St. Petersburg Conservatoire with honours in 1881; he would become the first professional musician of Estonia. Miina Härma (1864-1941), the first female Estonian composer, and Konstantin Türnpu (1865-1927)1 also graduated from the Conservatoire; they graduated as organists having studied composition as a subsidiary subject. However, they would not become symphonists. Symphonic music was still waiting for its time. 1 Gifted as a choral conductor. I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. The tsarist Russification policy failed to halt the consolidation of the Estonian social and cultural consciousness to pursue their aims and aspirations. By the turn of the
whose thought took wings: a famous architect, an intellectual cleric, an ecclesiastical courtier, and a natural scientist. The architect was Alberti, a man who, perhaps better than anyone except Leonardo da Vinci, epitomizes the Renaissance ideal of the universal man. Born in 1404, the illegitimate but favored son of a family of rich Florentine merchants, Alberti enjoyed extraordinary intellectual and athletic aptitudes. He painted, composed music, and was regarded as one of the best organists of his day. Writings poured from his pen. His De Re Aedificatoria, the first printed book on architecture, written while Gothic churches were still being built, helped shape the thoughts of those who built such utterly non-Gothic structures as St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Jacob Burckhardt, author of the classic The Civilization of the Renaissaance in Italy, singled out Alberti as one of the truly all-sided men who tower above their numerous many-sided contemporaries. And
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