institutions that want to project a policy line or political viewpoint. In order to make best use of the different mass media channels, you should keep in mind what the media themselves see as their primary role, which differs in the above cases. In general, the role of the mass media in global society has been evolving over the past century towards the following goals and duties: 1. The media informs the public, provides information and amusement, generates political ideas, mobilizes political and social action groups, and generally helps to shape the public policy agenda and priorities. 2. The media plays a role of political accountability and checks-and-balances, keeping an eye on public officials and institutions and constantly challenging them via reports, interviews, debates, etc. 3. The media can sometimes play the role of a direct political actor, such as happened in the Watergate or Monica Lewinsky cases in the United States, when
have important metabolic and immunological effects (Arzt, 2001; Hoffman-Goetz & Pederson, 1994; Fitzgerald, 1998). Emotion regulation in relation.. 1 Figure 3. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis (HPA) Cortisol has been widely used in psychology to measure stress. Cortisol has metabolic effects on liver glucose sythnesis, breakdown of skeletal muscle protein to amino acids and in adipose tissue mobilizes fat. It can also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions depending on concentration (Rhoades & Pflanzer, 1989). Most of these physiological effects prepare the body for hostile conditions. Cells of the immune system respond to stress or injury in many of ways (Benoy & Heels, 1998; Mayer & Watkins, 1998; Brines et al, 1996). They secrete a number of cytokines (signalling protein) such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a pro-
· Davidson argues that the stimulation of comparisons is purely causal, not linguistic. At the opposite extreme, the Naive Simile Theory has it that metaphors simply abbreviate literal comparisons. Both views are easily refuted. · According to the Figurative Simile Theory, rather, metaphors are short for similes themselves taken figuratively. This view avoids a few of the objections to the Naive Simile Theory, but not others. · Searle mobilizes Gricean apparatus to explain metaphorical mean- ing as speaker-meaning. This has some plausibility and overcomes Davidson's leading objections to metaphorical meaning, but incurs other objections. 190 The dark side · A further theory of metaphor is based on the phenomenon, important in its own right, of single words' analogical differentiation into hosts of distinct though related meanings. Questions 1 Is there more to be said for Davidson's causal theory, or for the Naive
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